Elisha Grays Telephone Invention Patent Caveat

Elisha Gray was an American inventor who contested the invention of the telephone with Alexander Graham Bell. Elisha Gray invented a version of the telephone in his laboratory in Highland Park, Illinois. Background - Elisha Gray 1835-1901 Elisha Gray was a Quaker from rural Ohio who grew up on a farm. He studied electricity at Oberlin College. In 1867, Gray received his first patent for an improved telegraph relay. During his lifetime, Elisha Gray was granted over seventy patents for his inventions, including many important innovations in electricity. In 1872, Gray founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company, the great-grandparent of todays Lucent Technologies. Patent Wars - Elisha Gray Vs Alexander Graham Bell On February 14, 1876, Alexander Graham Bells telephone patent application entitled Improvement in Telegraphy was filed at the USPTO by Bells attorney Marcellus Bailey.  Elisha Grays attorney filed a caveat for a telephone just a few hours later entitled Transmitting Vocal Sounds Telegraphically. Alexander Graham Bell was the fifth entry of that day, while Elisha Gray was 39th. Therefore, the U.S. Patent Office awarded Bell with the first patent for a telephone, US Patent 174,465 rather than honor Grays caveat. On September 12, 1878  lengthy patent litigation involving the Bell Telephone Company against Western Union Telegraph Company and Elisha Gray began. What Is a Patent Caveat? A patent caveat was a type of preliminary application for a patent that gave an inventor an additional 90 days grace to file a regular patent application. The caveat would prevent anyone else that filed an application on the same or similar invention from having their application processed for 90 days while the caveat holder was given an opportunity to file a full patent application first. Caveats are no longer issued. Elisha Grays Patent Caveat Filed on February 14, 1876 To all whom it may concern: Be it known that I, Elisha Gray, of Chicago, in the County of Cook, and  State of Illinois, have invented a new art of transmitting vocal sounds telegraphically, of which the following is a specification. It is the object of my invention to transmit the tones of the human voice through a telegraphic circuit and reproduce them at the receiving end of the  line so that actual conversations can be carried on by persons at long distances apart. I have invented and patented methods of transmitting musical impressions or sounds  telegraphically, and my present invention is based  on  a modification of the principle of said invention, which is set forth and described in letters patent of the  United  States, granted to me July 27th, 1875, respectively numbered 166,095, and 166,096, and also in an application for letters patent of the United States, filed by me, February 23d, 1875. To attain the objects of my invention, I devised an instrument capable of vibrating responsively to all tones of the human voice, and by which they are rendered audible. In the accompanying  drawings  I have shown an apparatus embodying my improvements in the best way now known to me, but I contemplate various other applications, and also changes in the details of construction of the apparatus, some of which would  obviously suggest themselves to a skillful electrician, or a person in the science of acoustics, in seeing this application. Figure 1 represents a vertical central section through the transmitting instrument; Figure 2, a similar section through the receiver; and Figure 3, a diagram representing the whole apparatus.   My present belief is, that the most effective method of providing an apparatus capable of responding to the various tones of the human voice, is a tympanum, drum or diaphragm, stretched across one end of the chamber, carrying an apparatus for producing fluctuations in the potential of the electric current, and consequently varying in its power. In the drawings, the person transmitting sounds is shown as talking into a box, or chamber, A, across the outer end of which is stretched a diaphragm, a, of some thin substance, such as parchment or gold-beaters skin, capable of responding to all the vibrations of the human voice, whether simple or complex. Attached to this diaphragm is a light metal rod, A, or other suitable conductor of electricity, which extends into a vessel B, made of glass or other insulating material, having its lower end  closed by a plug, which may be of metal, or through which passes a conductor b, forming part of the circuit. This vessel is filled with some liquid possessing high resistance, such, for instance, as water, so that the vibrations of the plunger or rod A, which does not quite touch the conductor b, will cause variations in resistance, and, consequently, in the potential of the current passing through the rod A. Owing to this construction, the resistance varies constantly in response to the vibrations of the diaphragm, which, although irregular, not only in their amplitude, but in rapidity, are nevertheless transmitted, and can, consequently, be transmitted through a single rod, which could not be done with a positive make and break of the circuit employed, or where contact points are used. I contemplate, however, the use of a series of  diaphragm  in a common vocalizing chamber, each diaphragm carrying and independent  rod, and responding to a vibration of different rapidity and intensity, in which case contact points mounted on other diaphragms may be employed. The vibrations thus imparted are transmitted through an electric circuit to the receiving station, in which circuit is included an  electromagnet  of ordinary construction, acting upon a diaphragm to which is attached a piece of soft iron, and which  diaphragm  is stretched across a receiving vocalizing chamber c, somewhat similar to the corresponding vocalizing chamber A. The diaphragm at the receiving end of the line is this thrown into vibration corresponding with those at the transmitting end, and audible sounds or words are produced. The obvious practical application of my improvement will be to enable persons at a distance to converse with each other through a telegraphic circuit, just as they do now in each others presence, or through a speaking tube. I claim as my invention the art of transmitting vocal sounds or conversations telegraphically through an electric circuit. Elisha Gray WitnessesWilliam J. PeytonWm D. Baldwin

Heredity vs. Environment in Human Development Essay example

Heredity vs. Environment in Human Development Nature- inborn traits and characteristics inherited from parents Nurture- environmental influences, both before and after birth ACTIVE (organism) VS PASSIVE (mechanistic) Organismic- People are active growing organisms that set their own development in motion ACT not react to environmental influences *cannot predict behavior by simple responses to environmental stimulus Emphasize qualitative change, see development occurring in STAGES each s stage builds on previous stage. Freud, Erikson, Piaget Mechanistic- People are like machines that REACT to environmental influence, if we learn enough about human Machine we can predict what they will do†¦show more content†¦Each period has its own characteristics and value Development Depends on history and context- Each person develops within a specific set of circumstances or conditions defined by time and place. Human beings influence, and are influenced by historical and social context. Responding to physical and social environments but also interact with and change them Development is Multidimensional multidirectional- Development throughout life involves a balance of growth and decline. As people gain in one area they may lose in another. People seek to maximize gains to minimize losses by learning to manage or compensate for them Development is Pliable/Plastic modifiability of performance)- Abilities, such as memory, strength and endurance can be improved with training and practice. Research Methods Observational Studies- observe behaviors in naturalistic or laboratory setting +can observe wide range of human behavior, behaviors can be clearly defined and studied, see development naturally, Inexpensive - cannot inferShow MoreRelatedChild Development: Heredity and Environment1240 Words   |  5 Pagesor even environment versus heredity leads to the question of: does the direct environment or the nature surrounding an adolescent directly influence acts of delinquency, later progressing further into more radical crimes such as murder or psychotic manifestation, or is it directly linked to the hereditary traits and genes passed down from that individual adolescent’s biological parents? To answer this question one must first understand the difference between nature, nurture, environment, and heredityRead MoreLife Span Perspective Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesAmundson Psy/375 April 11, 2011 Professor Deborah Wilkerson, M.A., ABD The study of human development is a science. It is based on theories, data, analysis, critical thinking, and sound methodology (Berger). Five characteristics of Development that will be discussed in this paper are multidirectional, multi-contextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary and plasticity. There are also five theories of development which are psychoanalytical, behaviorism, cognitive, socio-cultural, and epigenetic theoryRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate878 Words   |  4 Pages When one thinks about child development, are personalities and traits produced by genetics or shaped by the environment? Or, is there a relationship between nature and nurture with regards to child development? The debate continues. While some believe â€Å"nature and nurture work together, others believe they are separate and opposing influences† (McDevitt, 2010). Nature vs Nurture In regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, â€Å"this debate is a major issue in many social science disciplines and isRead MoreNature vs Nurture Essay804 Words   |  3 PagesThe controversy of nature vs. nurture has been disputed for years. Nature vs. nurture refers to the question of which factors are most significant in determining development; those related to heredity or environment. It has been reported that some scientists think that â€Å"nature† is referred as the importance in heredity as the major determinate also known as â€Å"nature† the theory of human behavior. The nurture theory scientists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they areRead More Postion Paper: Nature Vs. Nurture712 Words   |  3 Pages Position Paper: Nature vs. Nurture nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The controversy of nature vs. nurture has been going on for many years, and a decision has not yet been reached in which one is the most affective. Using the results of the countless tests done, everyday situations, and the twins experiment, I will prove that nature is a larger contributor to the outcome of our personalities than nurture. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Firstly, many psychologists and Universities, such as Harvard,Read MoreThe Processes by Which Genes and Environment Operate Together to Influence Development1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe Processes by Which Genes and Environment Operate Together to Influence Development Psychologists have argued for centuries over which has played the larger role in child development, heredity or environment. The British philosopher John Locke (1632 –1704) proposed one of the first theories in the seventeenth century. Locke believed that a child was bornRead MoreThe Domestication Of Animals By Humans884 Words   |  4 PagesNHD Paper The domestication of animals by humans is an early example of eugenics. Animals were used for hunting, warning system against predators, and overall companionship. (History of Eugenics) Humans at the time wanted a powerful animal, that was able to protect their owner, and help be able to produce food and clothing Obviously a strong animal does not come from handicapped ancestry, rather it comes from a far more adaptive origin. Early day humans exchanged this idea that the fittest animalRead MoreEssay about Child Development, Nature vs Nurture801 Words   |  4 Pages. The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative contributions ofgenetic inheritance  and  environmental factors  to human development. Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Other well-known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is known as  tabula rasa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slateRead MorePYC2602 NOTES2972 Words   |  12 PagesPYC2602 - Summary of A childs world - Papalia et al Cpts 1,2,3 THE STUDY OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT: BASIC CONCEPTS THE STUDY OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT: THEN AND NOW †¢ Child Development: Scientific study of processes of change stability in human children. †¢ Quantative change Change in number/amount eg height, size of vocabulary, frequency of communication tends to be continuous †¢ Qualitative change Change in kind, structure organization Discontinuous Marked by the emergence of new phenomena that cannotRead MoreGandhi: Explanations of Nature and Nurture Essay786 Words   |  4 Pages Nature vs. Nurture The relative contributions of nature and nurture are an apparent part of human development which makes us ask the question, are heredity and environment opposing forces?(Sternberg 100) The question of nature vs. nurture can be examined and can be attempted to be comprehended in many ways. Our stand on which theory is the correct one is obviously a matter of opinion and makes us wonder if only one of them is truly correct. Nurture seems to be the explanation that holds the most

Sustainability Challenges in the Organisation-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the System Thinking Is Critical In Developing Solutions to Sustainability Challenges. Answer: The technique that endures the biological system which is both productive and can remain diverse in order to maintain balance is commonly known as the sustainability. However, in the 21st century, the definition of the Sustainability has changed in a rapid way where it focuses over the requirement and development of sustainable models in order to maintain the earth and change it to a health environment. The main motive is for well survival of human race. It is said to be a balanced act that maintains the quotation said by the United Nation in 1987 value he needs of the present without compromising the well-being of the future generation. The Earth Charter in 2000 briefed the definition further that involved the concept of society founded on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice and a culture of peace. For the achievement of these goals human beings must re-examine the policies related to the environment protection, Social responsibilities and economic practices . The basic concept of sustainable development is the need for conservation of energy since with every growth in the economy and consumption of energy environmental degradation is how the nature who pays the cost. This cannot be stopped but there can be ways to slow down the process degradation and prevent pollution, conserve the natural resources and hence protect the environment to get depleted completely. An access to the nutrition, health care, clear water, food, shelter, employment, energy, opportunities in the economic and education equally, is how a sustainable society looks like. Business in Sustainable development faces several new paradigms, which demands for the well being of the environment, the employees and for the future generations prospect. As well as there are expectations for the business to get improved, along with the fund innovation, profitability and hence increase the market shares for the stakeholders (Costa at al. 2013). As stated in the statement that for the developing solutions to sustainable challenges the system thinking plays a critical role, it is said that sustainable business follows three strategies: Preservation of the environment and conservation of natural resources, building the social equity, well-being of support, promoting fare trades and maximizing the long-term profitability and promotes the growth of the environment. The statement given is co mpliant because the rapid use of the words sustainability has evolved and has been accepted in almost every sector. A professor of University of Michigan has explained that the critical state of the economic, social system and environment has to be strengthening by increasing the velocity, uncertainty and complexity (del Mar Alonso-Almeida et al. 2015). To dictate the inter-relationship other than ideally watching the Patterns of changing, the system thinking works on a trans-disciplinary framework. Sustainability and System Thinking should be regarded as set that are complementary. System theories provide the discussions that are theoretical based about sustainability and the sustainability gives an overview of the vital parts of practical relevance over the system thinking. A system thinker hence evaluates the problem to pattern behavior over time ignoring the fact to focus on a particular event. The system approach toward problem solving hence has criticisms (Becker et al. 2015). The system dependency more on models and actual solutions threatens the legitimacy to management of education and boardrooms. But it is always on requirement to diagnose the problem such that to figure out the possible way to fix it and hence implementing solutions having similar outcomes and thus believing that system thinking is necessary for sustainable challenges. Acceptance of sustainable development is still an issue: the first issue is of appropriate geographical scale, thus the sustainable planning is said to be not much efficient in larger regions, and the second issue is for the implementation of effective tool in sustainable development. Systems thinking is critical to the development of solutions to sustainability challenges because the system thinking concerns with the whole development of the organization and society, it has a definite process to deal with systems, it concerns with the underlying dynamics and also deals with the planning and pattern of the work to be done for the betterment of the environment. There are situations when there are violated and hence there is always a need of critical thinking for sustainable development. There are several examples like the Coal-Seam Gas extraction in Australia, termed as one of the wicked problem in sustainable development. This shows the misuse of the energy policy in the country. The problem was severe as the gas industry in Australia (Aemo) Australian Energy Market Operators made it very clear to the customers that there will be a crisis for some amount of time (Benn, Dunphyand Griffiths 2014). Due to the declination of gas production there may also be crisis for the summer in 2018-2019 in Australia (Colson et al. 2014). The country not only produces gas for themselves but also for consumers outside, which are been exported. The main aim of the essay is to explain the critical use of System thinking in development of solutions to sustainable challenges, along with an example examining the situation related to it in brief and hence summarize the need of sustainable development for the betterment of environment. System thinking is important to deal with the difficulty and challenges of sustainability since this approach deals with the problems from a macroscopic level rather than just over-viewing it ("Explainer: coal seam gas, shale gas and fracking in Australia", 2017). System thinking has been found in 1956 by Professor Jay Forrester. Since then this has been in practice till date. Traditional analysis approaches deals with the studied document whereas system thinking approaches focuses on the interrelationships within the different constituents of the system. There are three main parts in the system thinking: Purpose, Elements and Function. The first part deals with the purpose of the adoption of the system thinking, second part with the various elements of the system thinking and the last part deals with the interrelationships of the system elements (Bebbington, Unermanand O'Dwyer 2014). The business practicing on the well being of the environment and the future generation are also expe cted to improve and provide profitability, serve innovation and increase the market share for current stakeholders. But perusing these surrounds the business with challenges like: Defining the corporate sustainability, providing potential benefits to the society and environment and creating examples for the sustainable business and the practical works related to it. To corporate with the system thinking in a practical way, there should be good framework by which one can understand the organization. There are five certain areas which are combination of five policies and a single wicked problem often have connectivity with the other problems and thus each of these areas have consequences with each other. The areas that are co-related are Jay Galbraiths five-point star model: structures, processes, strategies, reward systems and people. As there are two approaches to strive down the problems, there are ways to show how system thinking can help in diagnosing the challenges arouse for gl obal sustainable development. The key variables for the consumption and brainstorms the critically obstructs the links in between. The business activities and economic development are drives related to the consumption. These two links are directly proportional to each other that is, either one of them grow will let the other grow as well, similarly when one of them declined the other declines as well. There is another point that concerns the full state of the environment which is easily degraded by not effecting any change to any other variable. Green house gas emission, solid waste accumulation, biodiversity and waste are negative change for many variables but this does not affects too many other variables. Causal loops are described as a vital learning tool in system thinking and helps to balance variables in loops. For example on increase of use of technological efficiency there is a decrease in use of resources. Thus, an increase of overall use of resource because of higher busi ness activity there is an initial decrease profited from efficiency area (Blevis et al. 2015). System thinkings nature makes it easier to solve even complicated problems when it focuses on the interaction of constituents with one another. The example of the problem related to the topic Fracking (Coal-Seam Gas extraction) in Australia, where Farmers of Queensland and NSW protested over the safety and threats on the countrys greenery and food security. The gas that has come from shale and Coal Seam Gas (CSG) are chemically similar. This generates heat and equal amount of carbon dioxide when burned or supplied to electric power plants 15 years ago shale gas suppliers were non-existent but today it has been increased up to 20-25% of the total gas consumed. The most powerful tool for analyzing the complete problems of sustainability the Three Pillar of Sustainability is the best way. This approach consists of the three pillars: The Economic, Social and Environment pillar. There is a vital requirement of these three pillars of sustainability requires system thinking. If one of the pillars gets weak the others as well get affected. The recent fracture stimulation generally known as the Fracking innovations has turned drastically the natural gas market. The cost strikes from lower to some stable price since the market now delivers shale gases to the customer in winter season. Coal Seam gases are shallower having higher concentration of gases than shale gases. The traditional gas reservoirs and oil gases are more expensive as compared to the CSG, Shale gas etc (Yang, Newman and Forlizzi2014). Shale gas and CSG comes in cheaper rate than renewable gases or resources. But the mixture of fracture stimulation of shale gas and coal reservoirs ar e known as the fracking which consists of high-pressure mixture of chemical gases, water and sand in reservoir. The stimulation process is noisy and takes few days from shallow coal seam gas making difficulties to the people living merely. The rapid use of chemicals in the manufacturing of these gas like Diluted acids, gel, KCL, Oxygen Scavenger etc are mostly used for sterilizing, making plastics, detergents, soaps and other chemical industries. Use of these gases affects the peoples health condition staying in the area (Blevis et al. 2015). Since the use of Coal-Seam Gas in Australia and in other exported countries are in high demand, because of the cheaper cost and more effective way of exposure there is an ethical dilemma amongst the people for further use of these kind of gases. As per the topic we agree at a very extent that there is always a requirement of System thinking in the sustainable development. For some basic principles of system thinking applied in leadership and management are: 1. System thinking plays a management disciplinary concerning the understanding of the system requirement that interacts between the components comprising entirety of that defined system; 2. The organization that is completely related to the environment provides a means of analysis and understanding to the organization; 3. The systems must have thought about clearing the external boundaries or may have created links with the environment; 4. The organization may suffer from system failure in entity. The failure in between or within the elements of the system, that has occurred in the high-level system or the total system that needs to be working together to get an overall success; 5. The system failure may sometimes co-exist beside the functional success. The leadership of silos may not be sufficiently integrated in the total system that owns a shortcoming in the system design, understanding and management. ; 6. Systematic failure may include factors like confused goals, flawed design, weak system wide understanding, individual incentives that may encourage the loyalty to sub-ordinates rather than super ordinate goals, weak system-wide understanding, inadequate feedback, lack of accountability, poor cooperation etc; 7. The lower sub-system level operators like individual executives are free of responsibilities and blames in the cases of systematic failure; 8. The whole systems boundary would be chosen and hence defined at some level that suits the particular purpose under consideration like a complete school system or the education system.; 9. The understanding of the working process of the whole system intending the process of the work done, actually works as it buckle under pressure that may practically defeat and elude most exclusive work (Wang et al. 2015). The highest priority of the whole system must be the environmental sustainability. Since the lower capacity of carrying the environment leads to the lower in the common delivery of goods and thus lesser output of the economic system could be produced. System thinking also provides the ability to deal complex problems like obesity. It has been very useful for the system approach that deals with the healthcare issues like cardiovascular diseases, tobacco control and mental health controls other than sustainable development (Penzenstadler et al. 2014). Casual loop diagrams are good approach to the system thinking. This system can consider the vitality of situations and conditions during the implementation phases get involved. On dealing with the wicked situations and problems under the system approach where changes in one element can affect the impact of the other element as well. There is a need of the involvement in system thinking approach. A causal loop diagram comprises of four main components: the factors, the connections between them, the signs on the connections (which demonstrate how the factors are interconnected), and the indication of the circle (which indicates what sort of conduct the framework will create). By speaking to an issue or issue from a causal point of view, there can turn out to be more mindful of the basic powers that deliver perplexing conduct. The inclusion of the thinking system approach enables the complex sustainable challenges from difficult view of the world. The traditional method that deals with the problem also provides some effective results such that the problem does not grow in any rapid pace. The process of sustainability development goals is by ending poverty, protecting the planet, environment and ensures prosperity for everyone for being the part of new sustainability development agenda. Therefore, system thinking Interdependency, solution seeking, Shared vision of future, Cross-functional teamwork, Strategic Management System, Serve the customer and has Clear outcome expectations, hence is much reliable than any traditional approach. All the agendas may have some specific goals and targets that may be achieved over the next coming years. And for the goals to be reach ed, all the people and organization may need to be responsible for their part. References Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Becker, C., Chitchyan, R., Duboc, L., Easterbrook, S., Penzenstadler, B., Seyff, N. and Venters, C.C., 2015, May. Sustainability design and software: the karlskrona manifesto. InSoftware Engineering (ICSE), 2015 IEEE/ACM 37th IEEE International Conference on(Vol. 2, pp. 467-476). IEEE. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Blevis, E., Bdker, S., Flach, J., Forlizzi, J., Jung, H., Kaptelinin, V., Nardi, B. and Rizzo, A., 2015, April. Ecological perspectives in hci: Promise, problems, and potential. InProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 2401-2404). ACM. Colson, C.M., Nehrir, M.H., Sharma, R.K. and Asghari, B., 2014. Improving sustainability of hybrid energy systems part ii: Managing multiple objectives with a multiagent system.IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,5(1), pp.46-54. Costa, A.O., Oliveira, L.B., Lins, M.P.E., Silva, A.C.M., Araujo, M.S.M., Pereira Jr, A.O. and Rosa, L.P., 2013. Sustainability analysis of biodiesel production: a review on different resources in Brazil.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,27, pp.407-412. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. del Mar Alonso-Almeida, M., Marimon, F., Casani, F. and Rodriguez-Pomeda, J., 2015. Diffusion of sustainability reporting in universities: current situation and future perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, pp.144-154. Explainer: coal seam gas, shale gas and fracking in Australia. (2017).The Conversation. Retrieved 20 August 2017, from [online]; https://theconversation.com/explainer-coal-seam-gas-shale-gas-and-fracking-in-australia-2585 Fernandez, N.C., Lago, P. and Calero, C., 2016. How do Quality Requirements Contribute to Software Sustainability?. InREFSQ Workshop(pp. 7-10). Knowles, B., Clear, A.K., Mann, S., Blevis, E. and Hkansson, M., 2016, May. Design Patterns, Principles, and Strategies for Sustainable HCI. InProceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 3581-3588). ACM. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015.Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Penzenstadler, B., Raturi, A., Richardson, D. and Tomlinson, B., 2014. Safety, security, now sustainability: The nonfunctional requirement for the 21st century.IEEE software,31(3), pp.40-47. Shiva, V., 2016.Earth democracy: Justice, sustainability and peace. Zed Books Ltd.. Wang, Z., Song, H., Watkins, D.W., Ong, K.G., Xue, P., Yang, Q. and Shi, X., 2015. Cyber-physical systems for water sustainability: challenges and opportunities.IEEE Communications Magazine,53(5), pp.216-222. Yang, R., Newman, M.W. and Forlizzi, J., 2014, April. Making sustainability sustainable: challenges in the design of eco-interaction technologies. InProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 823-832). ACM.

Rhododendron Essays (625 words) - Beekeeping, Diterpenes

Rhododendron The plant rhododendron belongs to the family Ericaceae which also includes the Heath, and there are about eight-hundred fifty species which grow worldwide (Turner and Szczawinski, 171-2). The Heath family is a large one with so many species, all of the poisonous species fall into two of its subfamilies, one of which is the rhododendron. These cultivated plants occur naturally in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in the mountains of Southeast Asia. They are located in the Himalayas with seven-hundred species, southwest China, Burma, and in New Guinea with over three-hundred species (Turner and szczawinski, 172). It has been popular as ornaments in gardens and has led to a major horticultural industry with its widely uses in landscaping. There are twenty-seven species native to North America, (Turner,172) and is the state plant of Washington. This specific plant is called R. macrophyllum or the Pacific rhododendron (Pojar and Mackinnon, 61). It forms a shrub layer in forests ranging from shoreline pine groves to stands of Douglas-fir and western Hemlock up in the mountains. Usually they are located everywhere from homes to freeway sides and also in the forests. The rhododendron shows a great variety in size, habit, and flower color, colors from white to pink, dark-purple, yellow, red, and orange (McKenzi,1). They range from small shrubs to small trees with evergreen leaves that are leathery. The leaves are short stalked, simple, and alternate, and the flowers are large, bell-shaped, and born in dense clusters. They are best grown on acidous soil with a ph of 4.5 and 6.5, included with lots of moisture and organic material (McKenzie, 3). The leaves, flowers, pollen, and nectar of many rhododendron species contain several toxins (Kingsbury, 50). These toxins are called grayanotoxins or andromedotoxin, a resinoid carbohydrate (Kingsbury, 51). It is prevalent in the flower nectar, and has caused poisoning of bees and the honey produced. The symptoms are similar to both humans and all animals. The human cases are that in which children chew the leaves and get the poison in their system, or when people drink tea made from the honey and plant (Abrahams, 2). It has been reported that animals clip the leaves for boredom or when they get hungry, as food is short (U.S food and drug admin., 3). The rhododendron is a beautiful plant which lies outside homes for decorations. People should become more aware of its toxicity and should take precautions when handling them. Grayanotoxin The plant rhododendron contains several toxins called grayanotoxins. Other well known but former names are rhodotoxin, andromedotoxin, and acetylandrome (U.S. food and drug admin., 1). They are included in almost all of the species rhododendron. The name of the disease is honey intoxication, which is caused by the consumption of honey produced (Abrahams 1). The grayanotoxins cause this intoxication, and the specific toxins vary with the plant species. Other names associated with this disease is rhododendron poisoning, mad hone intoxication or grayanotoxin poisoning. (U.S food and drug admin., 1) The poisoning results from the ingestion of grayanotoxin contaminated honey. The other ways that it can get into your system is if you consume plant parts. Every part of the plant is poisonous, the flowers, nectar, honey, and especially the leaves, which contain more. In humans, symptoms of poisoning occur six hours after a dose. These symptoms include salivation, vomiting, very low blood pressure, loss of coordination, muscular weakness, slow and irregular heartbeat, and comas, followed by death in extreme cases. (U.S. FDA,2) All organisms such as animals and humans are affected in the same way. The treatments are to induce vomiting, or perform gastric lavage, replace fluids and maintain electrolyte balance, monitor heart beat, blood pressure and breathing. Even though the cases reported have been rare, people still should become aware of this toxin. House pets eat the plants, children do also, so they should be taught to stay away from these plants.

Cmo inversin inmobiliaria calificara para visa E-2

Cmo inversin inmobiliaria calificara para visa E-2 Una duda muy comà ºn entre personas extranjeras que desean obtener una visa de inversià ³n para vivir en Estados Unidos es si una inversià ³n inmobiliaria da derecho o no a optar por la visa E-2. La respuesta es clara. En principio, no. Excepto si se le da la forma que se necesita para cumplir con los requisitos legales y econà ³micos que imponen las leyes migratorias.  ¿Quà © requisitos se necesitan para que las inversià ³n inmobiliaria permita para calificar para la visa E-2? La ley dice que para calificar para la visa E-2 de inversià ³n se tiene que crear o comprar un negocio que tiene que ser real y activo.   Pero,  ¿cà ³mo entender esos requerimientos? La mejor forma es a travà ©s de ejemplos. Cundo la inversià ³n inmobiliaria NO califica para la visa E-2 Es comà ºn que una persona extranjera compre uno o varios inmuebles en Estados Unidos, desde su paà ­s o aprovechando una visita a Estados Unidos con una visa de turista. Por ejemplo, que invierta medio millà ³n de dà ³lares en un condominio en Miami porque le gusta viajar   de vacaciones a esa ciudad. Esta situacià ³n no califica para la visa de inversià ³n. En otro ejemplo, un extranjero compra varios apartamentos por un valor de un millà ³n de dà ³lares con la idea de que con el tiempo incrementar su valor y que podr venderlos por ms dinero que el abonado por su compra. En este caso, tampoco se califica. En ninguno de esos ejemplos se trata de un negocio real y activo. Entonces,  ¿quà © es eso? Ejemplos de inversiones inmobiliarias que sà ­ califican para la E-2 Para cumplir con los requisitos de las leyes migratorias debe: tratarse de un negocio real, no de una mera inversià ³nla persona que solicita la visa E-2 debe dirigir el negocio El negocio debe repercutir favorablemente en la economà ­a de los Estados Unidos Un ejemplo de ello serà ­a, por ejemplo, el caso en el que una persona extranjera compra por valor de $300 mil dà ³lares unos apartamentos y se dedica al negocio de rentarlos favoreciendo a la economà ­a al crear empleo americano contratando a personal de seguridad, limpieza, etc. Otro ejemplo serà ­a el caso en el que el inversor se dedica a comprar inmuebles en mal estado, a repararlos y a venderlos. Tendrà ­a que gestionar el negocio y el requisito de repercutir favorablemente en la economà ­a se cumplirà ­a contratando a empresas americanas para llevar a cabo las reparaciones. Por lo tanto, lo importante no es que se trate de una inversià ³n inmobiliaria o no ni siquiera es tan importante el monto, lo fundamental es que se trate de un negocio real y activo y que tenga un efecto favorable en la economà ­a estadounidense. Y todos esos requisitos se prueban con un aspecto fundamental del proceso de peticià ³n de la visa: el plan de negocios. Ese es un punto fundamental que el oficial consular va a analizar con lupa antes de decidir si aprueba la solicitud de visa. A tener en cuenta antes de solicitar una visa E-2 No todos los extranjeros pueden solicitar este tipo de visa. Es necesario ser ciudadano de un paà ­s que tiene firmado con Estados Unidos un contrato bilateral de visas de inversià ³n. No confundir con un Tratado de Libre Comercio, ya que nada tienen que ver. Si no se tiene ciudadanà ­a de un paà ­s incluido en el listado, olvidarse de la E-2 y examinar otras posibles opciones como la green card por inversià ³n o la L-1 de transfer en el caso de tener ya una empresa en el paà ­s de residencia habitual. Si se reà ºne el requisito de la nacionalidad, es el momento de prestar atencià ³n a otros puntos de la E-2. Por ejemplo, es necesario que se trate de una inversià ³n en un negocio, siendo posibles toda clase de opciones. Incluso la cantidad a invertir no est definida y va a depender del tipo de negocio. El inversor que solicita la visa debe darle al negocio la forma jurà ­dica que ms le convenga. Pero en el caso de que el negocio pertenezca a ms de una persona, tener presente siempre que para obtener la visa E-2 hay que ser propietario al menos del 51 por ciento del negocio. Por lo tanto no sirve en el caso de hermanos o socios que se dividen las acciones de la empresa  al 50 por ciento o menos. Antes de solicitar la visa hay que hacer pasos importantes, como constituir la empresa o, en su caso, comprarla, girar dinero a Estados Unidos a la cuenta corporativa, llevar a cabo contratos de arrendamiento, elaborar el plan de negocios, etc. Y sà ³lo luego despuà ©s se solicita al consulado o embajada la visa E-2. Como muchos elementos del negocio se deben poner en marcha antes de saber si se obtiene la visa es recomendable hacer un pago mediante el sistema de escrow cuando se compre un negocio, y que el pago al vendedor quede condicionado a que la visa se obtiene. Y si lo que se busca no es una visa sino una tarjeta de residencia, conocida tambià ©n como green card, tener en cuenta que el camino no es la E-2 sino una EB-5, cuyos requisitos son ms severos, pero es indudable que brinda ms ventajas para las personas interesadas en mudarse, con sus familias, a los Estados Unidos. Finalmente, para tramitar la visa E-2 es recomendable contar con un abogado especialista en este tipo de visas y que pueda demostrar un rà ©cord excelente en su tramitacià ³n. Son visas muy especializadas y no todos los abogados tienen el conocimiento ni la experiencia. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Day My Dad Didnt Make it Home from Work - by Marianne Worley, Business Writing Consultant at The Essay Expert

The Day My Dad Didnt Make it Home from Work - by Marianne Worley, Business Writing Consultant at The Essay Expert [Reposted with the permission of the very talented business/marketing writer Marianne Worley, consultant at The Essay Expert. This poignant story was originally posted on her blog, Marketing Matters and Other Stories. I didnt even have to think before asking her if I could post it to The Essay Experts blog on Memorial Day.] The day was Monday, April 21, 2008. My phone rang just after 9pm. I checked the caller ID–it was my brother Nolan. Instinctively, I knew something was wrong, very wrong. My Dad had been in an accident and was being taken to a hospital about 20 miles north of my house. We didn’t know anything more. I quickly got dressed, jumped in my car, and hit the gas pedal. About 5 minutes later, my brother called again. Now Dad was being transported by helicopter to the much larger hospital just a few miles from my house. I got off the freeway and drove back the other way. My brother, sister-in-law, and I arrived at the hospital around the same time. The helicopter was still in flight, so we staked out seats in the busy emergency room to wait, still perplexed about what had happened to our Dad. After my stepmom and sister rushed in, we learned the whole story. My Dad usually came home from work around 5 or 6, so when it started to get dark and he still wasn’t home, my stepmom picked up the phone to make some increasingly frantic calls. My Dad was notorious for sporadically answering cell calls. As a contractor, he was constantly breaking and losing mobile phones. She wasn’t surprised when he didn’t answer, so she dialed his friends and clients. He had left the job site hours earlier, but no one knew where he was. My stepmom and sister decided to drive to the job site to look for him. They found his empty work truck on the side of the road with the driver’s side door open. They called 911 and nearby friends who could help with the search. There was a small creek parallel to the road with a steep bank covered in thick, muddy vegetation. My athletic sister charged down the hill and found him lying unconscious in the creek, pale and covered with dirt. The paramedics pulled him up on a rescue stretcher and loaded him into the helicopter. This process doesn’t take a few minutes, like it does on TV and in the movies. The rescue actually took more than an hour. The helicopter finally arrived, but still we knew nothing about his condition. We assumed it was a stroke, or something similar. When they finally let us in to see him, we discovered that he had suffered some sort of episode, possibly a seizure, and was experiencing pronounced weakness on one side of his body. It looked like a stroke, but he was stable. So they admitted him and scheduled an MRI for the next morning. The following day, the doctors confirmed that the MRI results showed that it looked like a stroke. We felt relieved. We knew a brain tumor would be a much more deadly diagnosis. But they still wanted to get a new MRI, with contrast, the next day to be sure. On Wednesday, April 23, 2008, our lives changed forever. The new MRI showed that it wasn’t a stroke–it was a brain tumor. They called in a neurosurgeon for a consultation. My education in neurology commenced that day. I carried a notebook at all times. I scribbled down details from the doctors during the day and did online research at night. Over the next 7 months, my Dad had a biopsy and was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive form of brain cancer. Our doctor decided to treat with radiation and chemotherapy, not surgery. I knew that without surgery, the 6-month survival rate was almost zero. When I pressed him, he said he could do the surgery if we got a second opinion from one of the neurosurgeons he recommended. After many phone calls, I got an appointment with one of the top experts in the country at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles. The neurosurgeon just needed to see my Dad’s (now enormous) medical file, along with all of his MRI results. We got his opinion, and my Dad had surgery to remove the tumor. Although the surgery was successful, he still needed radiation and chemo to stave off regrowth, which is incredibly common. I researched clinical trials and spoke to doctors at UCLA and UC San Francisco. My Dad didn’t qualify for any trials and his prognosis was grave. By September, the tumor was back, bigger than before. We tried some experimental chemo drugs, but nothing helped. My Dad wasted away before our eyes, until we finally called in hospice care in November. On December 3rd, the hospice nurse told us that the end was near, so we gathered together to say goodbye. We stayed up pretty late, but finally succumbed to our own fatigue and reluctantly went to bed. Just before 4:30am, I awoke suddenly and sat bolt upright. I went downstairs and the nurse told me she had just checked on my Dad–he was still hanging in there. When I went to his bedside, I touched his hands and face. I didn’t think he was breathing, so I woke up my stepmom, who had decided to take a quick nap just minutes before. He was gone. We all gathered around his bed and cried again. A week or so later, my sister Whitney and I, always the Daddy’s-Little-Girl types, decided to get tattoos to celebrate our Dad’s life. She got an elegant â€Å"W† and I got an infinity sign with a â€Å"W† in the middle. Worley forever. My Dad was never called to battle in Vietnam, but that doesn’t mean he didn’t fight a war. So on this Memorial Day, I remember all who have fallen in war, including the continuing war on cancer. ____________________ I haven’t met anyone who hasn’t been touched in some way by cancer. The next time you’re thinking about making a cash donation to a charity, please consider one of the organizations in the fight against cancer, including the American Brain Tumor Association. Thanks for reading this very personal story. I’m sharing it because it shaped who I am today. Many thanks to my fellow blogger The JackB–his post from yesterday inspired me to write this. I haven’t met anyone who hasn’t been touched in some way by cancer. The next time you’re thinking about making a cash donation to a charity, please consider one of the organizations in the fight against cancer, including the American Brain Tumor Association. Category:UncategorizedBy Brenda BernsteinMay 31, 2011 8 Comments Nancy Anderson says: May 31, 2011 at 12:50 pm What a beautiful story. I too lost my dad to cancer and as I read your words, I could feel myself going through the same feelings, thoughts and anguish. God bless your father and your family. Thank you for sharing your story with us. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 1:55 pm Youre very welcome Nancy. This was Mariannes story. My father died 14 years ago after a week-long battle with pneumonia, so Mariannes piece spoke loudly to me. Im so glad it is being appreciated. Log in to Reply Alejandra Leiva says: October 6, 2016 at 10:43 am Hi The Essay Expert, I was wondering how I can submit a question about some words. Here I have one: Do we stand in the snow or on the snow? Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: October 6, 2016 at 11:12 am Hi Alejandra! If you are standing on top of the snow, in snow shoes or skis for instance, you would be standing on the snow. If you are waist-deep in snow you would be standing in the snow. Or if you are in a snowstorm you would be in the snow. I hope that helps! Log in to Reply Alejandra Leiva says: October 6, 2016 at 4:27 pm Awesome that helps a lot! Could you help me with another question? Which of these is correct? Or what do they mean? count with me count on me Brenda Bernstein says: October 22, 2016 at 6:54 am Count on me means you can rely on me. Count with me would mean something like count to 10 with me! The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 1:55 pm So true Pedro. Even a week-long battle, like the one my father fought, is a battle indeed. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: May 31, 2011 at 4:40 pm Thank you Jan. Its amazing how many this disease has touched. My heart goes out to you. Log in to Reply

The Earth Liberation Front(ELA) is a serious terrorist threat and Research Paper

The Earth Liberation Front(ELA) is a serious terrorist threat and should be taken as such - Research Paper Example Eventually, ELF was spread in 17 countries as their actions were reported and recorded. It is now known as an international movement that carries out its actions in many of the major European countries1. The ELF movement can be greatly related to the Animal Liberation Front as both of these organizations operate in the same context. ELF is known to be the descending of the Animal Liberation Front as both of these movements operate is in very good terms, relations and cooperation. Both of these movements also use the similar guidelines under which they operate and they tend to have the same leaderless resistance. They gain sympathy at the hands of the people and call themselves an eco-defense dedicated group. Sympathizers also say that this group is dedicated to work without the profit motive on environmental destruction. They cause economical destruction to businesses in order to save the environment by damaging businesses’ property2. With such policies and activities, the ELF movement was known to be the top ‘domestic terror’ threat in 2001 according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in United States. The term which is still used for the members of the ELF is ‘eco-terrorists’. ... ?ELA – A Serious Terrorist Threat ? The Earth Liberation Front operates in a different way than other welfare organizations and other terrorist organizations. Their system of management has no leadership, hierarchy or any official representative or spokesperson. It is a decentralized organization rather than choosing individuals to use the terms as banners. The members if this cooperation who are the individuals on their own are known to work together in different cells which are bounded groups and these individuals are usually self-funded hence creating no space for leadership or membership which is centralized. These individuals are said to be the eco-terrorists as they work with each other to prepare and plan techniques of reducing exploitation of the natural environment3. The technique which is most commonly recorded to be carried out the most by these individuals is destruction to property. Different tools are being used by them to carry out such activities and one of the m is arson in which they burn the property. Many of the activists today believe that arson is used to injure animals, people and the environment. The eco-terrorists use such techniques to handle the property which they believe is destroying the natural environment despite the people or animals being harmed in the process. These techniques are operated differently in the United States and in the UK. However, they are also sometimes called ecotage. The reasons why the ELF carries out such terrifying methods of saving the environment or use terrifying techniques such as arson are many. Researchers have found many reasons that mark the activities of the eco-terrorists and the